Πρωτιές – Innovative creations

1936-1938 – First programmable computer
Name:Z1 Machine
Developers: Konrad Zuse
Approximate Development Period: 1936-19381939 – First remotely operational, electromagnetic relay calculator
Name: Bell Labs Model 1 (Stibitz Complex Calculator)
Developers: George Stibitz and Samuel B. Williams at Bell Labs
Approximate Development Period: April 1939 to October 19391938-1941 – First fully functional, automatic, programmable, general purpose, digital computer
Name: Z3 Machine (my vote for the first real computer, editor)
Developer: Dr. Konrad Zuse
Approximate Development Period: 1938-19411940-1942 – First functioning prototype electronic digital computer
Name: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC computer)
Developers: John V. Atanasoff, Clifford Berry
Approximate Development Period: 1939-19421943 – First programmable, electronic digital, code-breaking computer
Name: Colossus
Developers: Allied wartime efforts at Bletchley Park, England
Approximate Development Period: 1939-1943

1944 – First large scale, automatic, electromechanical computer
Name: HARVARD MARK I (a.k.a. IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator – “ASCC”)
Developers: Howard H. Aiken and others
Approximate Development Period: 1937-1944

1946 – First large scale, general purpose, electronic digital computer
Name: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Developers: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
Approximate Development Period: 1943-1946

1947 – First functioning prototype Business Computer
Name: Remington Rand (Model 2) Info
Developer: Loring P. Crosman, Remington Rand
Approximate Development Period: 1943-1947

1948 – First prototype, electronic stored-program computer
Name: Manchester Mark I
Developers: F. C. Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Max Neuman
Royal Society Computing Machine Laboratory, Manchester University
Approximate Development Period: 1946-1948
First stored program run June 21, 1948

1949 – First large scale, fully functional, stored-program, electronic digital computer
to operate a regular computing service
Name: EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
Developer: Maurice Wilkes and others at University Mathematical
Laboratory, Cambridge University, England
Approximate Development Period: 1946-1949
First successful program run May 6, 1949

1949-1950 – First real-time processing computer
Name: Whirlwind I
Developer: J. Forrester and others at MIT
Approximate Development Period: 1946-1953

1951 – First commercially available computer
Also first commercially available machine to use stored programs and a compiler.
Name: UNIVAC I
Developers: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
Approximate Development Period: 1948-1951
1952 – Considered by Some to be the First Stored Program Computer

1951 – First Business Computer established in an office environment
Name: LEO-I (Lyons Electronic Office)
Developers: Lyons
Approximate Development Period: 1947-1951 (and refinements through 1954)

1951 – Remington Rand Model 3
Name: Remington Rand Model 3 (precursor to the Rand 409)
Developers: Frank Hannon, Loring P. Crosman, and others at Remington Rand
Aproximate Development Period: 1947-1951

Name: EDVAC “Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer”
Developers: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
Approximate Development Period: 1951-1952

1953 – First Transistorized electronic digital computer
Name: TX-0
Developer: MIT Lincoln Labs
Approximate Development Period: 1951-1953

1953 – First IBM electronic digital computer
Name: IBM 701 (aka “Defense Calculator”)
Developer: IBM
Approximate Development Period: 1951-1953

1953 – World’s first Supercomputer
Name: IBM 704
Developer: IBM
Approximate Development Period: 1951-1953

1955-1956 – First successfully marketed toy digital computing device
Name: Geniac
Developer: Edmund C. Berkeley
Approximate Development Period: 1955-1956

1957 – First fully solid-state business computer
Name: NCR 304
Developer: NCR Corporation
Approximate Development Period: 1955-1957

1957 – First commercial disk drive with moving read/write heads
Name: IBM 305 RAMAC
Developer: IBM

1959 -1960 First successful and affordable minicomputer
Name: PDP-1
Developer: Digital Equipment Corporation
Approximate Development Period: 1957-1959

1959: IBM’s first mass-produced digital, all-transistorized, affordable business computer
Name: IBM 1401
Developer: IBM
Approximate Development Period: 1958-1959

1960 – First standardized business computer programming language
Name: COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
Developers: Conference on Data System Languages (CODASYL)
Approximate Development Period: 1959-1960

1961 – First commercially available integrated circuit
Developers: Fairchild Corporation
Approximate Development Period: 1959-1961

1962 – First Personal Computer (specifically designed for biomedical technicians)
Name: Linc (came with screen, keyboard, and monitor)
Developers: Lincoln Labs (Wes Clark)
Approximate Development Period: 1962 (2,000 were eventually made)

1962 – First Object Oriented Language, first non-procedural language, first
interactive graphics display, first on-screen window
Name: Sketchpad
Developers: Ivan Sutherland

1963 – First reliable commercial use of VDTs for computer display
Name: PDP-1
Developer: Digital Equipment Corporation
(Other earlier computers experimented with VDT use also, including CRT oscilloscope readouts.)

1963 – First “mouse” input device
First integrated text-graphics display;
First implementation of hypertext Links;
First incorporation of hypertext, mouse, and videoconferencing technology
Developer: Douglas Engelbart and Augmentation Research Center at SRI
Approximate Development Period: 1962-1964 (and beyond)

1964 – First large scale, on-line, real-time reservation tracking system
Name: SABRE* (Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment)
Developer: IBM
Approximate Development Period: 1962-1964

1967 – First desktop Personal Computer with Multiple Windowing
Name: Flex Machine (Alan Kay worked with this machine)

1969 – First multiple windows user interface;
First large scale implementation of electronic mail
Developers: Douglas Engelbart and Augmentation Research Center
Approximate Development Period: 1969-1970

1971 – First commercially available microprocessor
Name: Intel 4004
Developer: Intel Corporation
Developed for Busicom Company

1971 – First regular use of 8 inch floppy (magnetic storage) diskettes
Developer: Alan Shugart at IBM

1972 – First digital microcomputer available to general public for personal use
Name: MITS 816
Developers: MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems)
Approximate Development Period: 1972

1972 – First digital microcomputer series produced
Name: Intellec
Developers: Intel Corporation
Approximate Development Period: 1972 (production stopped in about 1976)
(apparently not a general purpose microcomputer, but specific in nature)

1973 – First fully functional personal computer complete with monitor designed for office work,
research, and eventually linked together in an (ethernet) network configuration.
Name: Alto —
Developer: Xerox PARC
Approximate Development Period: 1970-1973
(Not widely marketed to general public, very expensive.
Xerox chose not to pursue large scale production.)

1974 – First formally advertised (in a popular magazine) personal computer
Name: Scelbi (“Scientific, ELectronic, and BIological”)
Developer: Scelbi Computer Consulting, Milford, Connecticut
Date of advertisement: March 1974, “QST” magazine

1974 – First widely marketed personal computer kit for general public
Name: Mark-8
Developer: Jonathan Titus
Approximate Development Period: 1973-1974

1974-1975 – First mass produced and marketed personal computer (both kit and assembled)
Name: Altair 8800 —
Developers: Edward Roberts, William Yates and Jim Bybee
Approximate Development Period: 1973-1974

1975 – First “IBM personal computer”
Name: IBM 5100 —
Developer: IBM
Approximate Development Period: 1973-1975
(Sales and marketing of this unit were unsuccessful)

1976 – First Apple 1 Computer Debuts at the Homebrew Computer Club
in Palo Alto, California. Sells in kit form, circuit board only.
Name: Apple I
Developer: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak
Approximate Development Period: 1974-1976

1977 – First highly successful personal computer marketed, also
probably the first personal computer to have color graphics
Name: Apple II
Developer: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak
Approximate Development Period: 1975-1977

1981 – First successfully marketed IBM personal computer
Name: IBM PC
Developer: IBM
Approximate Development Period: 1978-1981

1981 – First fully self-contained and integrated Portable PC
Name: Osborne I —
Developer: Adam Osborne, Osborne Computer Corporation
Approximate Development Period: 1980-1981